乃至

ないし

from...to, between...and, or

JLPT N1

Character Breakdown

Usage of 乃至

The phrase 乃至 is used to indicate an extension or inclusion of something to an even greater or more extreme degree. It often translates as "even" or "as far as" in English. It connects two elements where the second is a more extreme or inclusive example of the first.

Common contexts

It is frequently used in formal or written Chinese to emphasize the range or scope of something, such as in discussions, descriptions, or lists.

Collocations and patterns

  • 乃至 + noun/verb phrase: to include even more extreme cases
  • Often appears in lists to highlight the upper limit or extreme example

Nuance and register

This phrase is more formal and literary than everyday spoken language. It is suitable for academic, journalistic, or formal written contexts.

Avoiding confusion

Do not confuse 乃至 with 甚至 (shènzhì), which also means "even" but is more common in spoken language and slightly less formal. 乃至 often implies a broader or more inclusive range.

Example Sentences

He likes all kinds of sports, even extreme sports are no exception.

This meeting discussed the company's financial issues, as well as its future

He liked drawing since childhood, and even became a painter when he grew up.