工夫

くふう

device, artifice, ingenuity

JLPT N2

Character Breakdown

Meaning and Usage

"工夫" (gōngfū) primarily refers to the effort, skill, or time spent to solve a problem or improve something. It can mean "effort," "ingenuity," or "skillful labor." Although historically it could mean "laborer" or "worker," in modern Mandarin it is more commonly used to describe the process of applying effort or clever methods.

Common Contexts

You will often see "工夫" used when talking about spending time and effort on tasks like fixing things, cooking, or crafting. It emphasizes the thoughtful or skillful aspect of the work, not just physical labor.

Collocations and Patterns

  • 工夫 (huā gōngfū): to spend effort/time on something
  • 工夫 (fèi gōngfū): to take a lot of effort
  • 工夫 (xià gōngfū): to put effort into

Usage Notes

"工夫" is often paired with verbs indicating spending or applying effort. It is not commonly used to refer to a person nowadays except in historical or literary contexts. Avoid confusing it with "功夫" (gōngfu), which can mean "kung fu" or "skill" in martial arts contexts.

Summary

Use "工夫" when you want to highlight the effort, time, or skill someone puts into a task, especially when it involves cleverness or careful work.

Example Sentences

He spent a lot of effort to fix this computer.

Cooking requires some skill and effort to taste better.

He is a hardworking laborer who often helps others.