Meaning and Usage
"十分" (じゅうぶん) means "enough" or "sufficient" and is used to express that something meets or exceeds the necessary amount or degree. It can describe quantities, time, preparation, or qualities.
Common Contexts
You will often hear "十分" when talking about having enough time, resources, or preparation. For example, "時間が十分ある" means "there is enough time." It can also describe the degree of something, such as "十分に理解する" (to understand fully).
Collocations and Patterns
- 十分に + verb: indicates doing something sufficiently or fully (e.g., 十分に説明する - explain thoroughly).
- 十分な + noun: describes a noun as sufficient or enough (e.g., 十分な睡眠 - enough sleep).
- 十分ある/いる: to have enough of something (e.g., お金は十分ある - I have enough money).
Register and Nuance
"十分" is neutral and polite, suitable for both formal and informal situations. It is more common in written and formal spoken Japanese than casual speech, where simpler words like "たくさん" or "いっぱい" might be used.
Common Mistakes
Learners sometimes confuse "十分" with "充分" which is a variant spelling but less common in modern usage. Also, avoid using "十分" with negative verbs directly; instead, use expressions like "十分ではない" to say "not enough."